Verantwortlich für den Inhalt dieser Seite ist ausschließlich der
Autor dieser Homepage, kontaktierbar über dieses Formular!
|
Portfolio of the "How to make a dictionary" course; Learner's Diary and the content of the lectures with the answers to quizzes for every lecture Topics: Introduction, text theory, Defining "definition", the architecture of a dictionary, dictionaries as databases, types of lexical information: word forms, word meanings, word structure, Computational lexicography Lecture 1, 17.10.2006 The first lecture was about the organisation of the lecture, especially about creating a portfolio. Then we tried to make clear what actually a website, a hypertext and a text is. We had a look at a scheme of properties of a text. We talked about text theory applications and had an overview of dictionaries.
Quiz Why is a portfolio important? - Because it contains all important information of the subject so that you can always look at your material - You need the material to learn for a test - The lecturer can help you if he sees that there is something wrong and can follow your advance What should a portfolio contain and how are these components defined? It should contain all important information of the subject
Why should the portfolio be on a website? - It's an easier way to interchange with the lecturer - For the students it's easy to complete texts - You become familiar with the use of electronic media
How do you make a website? There are several ways to make a website:
What is a website? - A website is a hypertext - You can navigate through documents - It comprises several webpages - It contains embedded document objects - A website is for the public, so it is available for everybody
What is a hypertext? - A hypertext is linked to other texts (electronically) - It is a text either with conventional hierarchical parts or as a complex network of parts Examples: The world wide web, electronical dictionaries What is a text, what are its main properties? - A text consists of sentences - It has a certain structure orsyntax How do these properties relate... ...to the mind? - The mind formulates the text structure ...to the world? - The world defines the meaning of a text
What is a dictionary? - It is a text/document - In a dictionary terms and words are translated, defined or described - There are electronical dictionaries (e.g. in the internet like on pons.de) and printed dictionaries (as a book) How is the dictionary, as a book, structured?
What is the difference between a semasiological dictionary and an onomasiological dictionary?
URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus
What other kinds of dictionaries are there? - monolingual dictionaries use the same language for the words and their definitions URL: http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/monolingual-dictionary.html - bilingual dictionaries with translations of words in another language - specialized dictionaries/technical dictionaries that are related to specific subject fields - glossaries that contain a list of defined terms of a specialized field URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary - etymological dictionaries trace a word's development over time, giving historical examples to show changes URL: http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/etymological-dictionary.html - crossword dictionaries contain words that are grouped together by the number of its letters to help people complete their crossword puzzles URL: http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/crossword-dictionary.html
What is text theory? - properties of a text What is Text Linguistics? - a branch of linguistics (a science) that deals with texts as communication systems What is Applied Text Linguistics? - branch of linguistics using linguistic theory to address real-world problems, one form is Text Technology Homework: Types of dictionaries What kinds of dictionaries are there? How would you find the "best" English dictionary? - it has to be easy to handle - clear structure - includes all important words and terms --> subjective, you can use the dictionary that you think is the best one for you Do you use a dictionary? And if you do, how often? - No, I never used any dictionary. - Yes, I use it several times a week. What kinds of dictionaries do you own? - I don't own a dictionary. - I've got a bilingual and a monolingual dictionary of the English language and bilingual dictionaries of French and Spanish. What do you think is important for a dictionary? - finding words easily - finding all words you want to know easily and fast Lecture 2, 24.10.2006 defining "definition" In the second lecture we had at the beginning a small revision of the first lecture and talked about the results of the homework. Then we talked about the "meaning of a dictionary"; information that a dictionary contains. We dealt with lexical information and had a model to present the types of lexical information. Then Mr Gibbon teached us about definition types, the components of definitions and taxonomy. We got to know different types of definitions. What is a definition?
What is an explanation?
standard dictionary definition: X is a Y kind of Z What are the main kinds of information in a dictionary? Give examples of FORM information - spelling - pronunciation STRUCTURE information - sentences CONTENT information - translation - examples - genus proximum hierarchy - used in many contexts - general terms superordinated - hypernym - specific terms subordinated - hyponym Quiz/Tasks
What is the main kind of information which dictionary users are generally interested in? The content information because the users look for a word or term to find out its meaning. Find dictionary definitions of 5 different words of different parts of speech, and give examples of genus and differentia specifica - Point: A sharp tip - Beautiful: pleasure or delight to the mind or senses - Amuse: Pleasantly kind of making time pass - Fast: moving quickly - I: personal pronoun, referring to oneself give examples of other kinds of definition - examples: bag: shopping-bag, travelling-bag, handbag, kitbag, tool-bag, mailbag - contextual definition; putting a word into a context: construction: This dictionary gives the meanings of words and also illustrates their constructions. - recursive definition; refers to itself: ancestor: an ancestor is a parent of an ancestor - ostensive definition; definition by showing e.g. drawings -models; simplified representation of reality, illustrations Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Hornby, Cornelsen-Velhagen & Klasing Verlagsgesellschaft, Bielefeld, 1974 Long-term homework Give detailed examples, from at least 3 different kinds of dictionary, of - types of lexical information for 3 different kinds of lexical entry translation: cloak: (loser) Mantel, Umhang contextual definition: breakfast: Have a good breakfast. They were having breakfast when I arrived. Hollywood: centre of the US film industry etymological def.: me: O.E. (dat.), me, mec (acc.; oblique cases of I), from P.Gmc. *meke (acc.), *mes (dat.), cf. O.N., Goth. mik, O.H.G. mih, Ger. mich; from PIE base *me-, *eme-, the bare stem of the pronoun (cf. Skt., Avestan mam, Gk. eme, L. me, O.Ir. me, Welsh mi "me"). Create definitions by nearest kind and specific differences for: hip hop: urban kind of lifestyle love: warm, kind feeling lasagna: Pasta in flat, very wide stripes. Lecture 3, 31.10.2006 In the third lecture we had a revision of the second lecture. Lecture 4, 7.11.2006 Lecture 4 was about the architecture of a dictionary. We talked about dictionary information and lexical information again. We got to know the parts of a dictionary. The architecture of a dictionary MEGASTRUCTURE MESOSTRUCTURE Quizzes/Tasks Give examples of the kinds of information contained in each of these structure types front matter front page, editors, date abbreviations and explanations of grammar n, v, adj. body of the dictionary definition, table of content back matter short summary Are semasiological macrostructures more like lists, trees or networks? They are like lists. What is the Megastructure of a dictionary? overall structure What is the Macrostructure of a dictionary? organisation of the lexical entries What is a semasiological/onomasiological dictionary? look at the quiz of the first lecture, please How many types of lexical information can you find? models, word itself (entry), synonyms, picture, contextual definition, antonyms, etymology, pronunciation, translation, part of speech, cross-references, definition and examples Is the microstructure of a semasiological dictionary typically a list, a tree or a network? A list. What kind of structure do the combined macrostructure and microstructure of a semasiological dictionary have? - a table And an onomasiological dictionary? - simpler, tree structure What is the Microstructure of a dictionary? It is the consistent organisation of lexical information within lexical entries in the dictionary. What kind of lexical information is contained in a dictionary's microstructure? properties of linguistic units such as words: Meaning: Pragmatics, Semantics Structure: Syntax, Morphology Appearance: Form What is the Mesostructure of a dictionary? entries relate to each other (cross-references, antonyms, synonyms), relation to external information Lecture 5, 14.11.2006 We talked shortly again about the surface structure of a dictionary and then about its deep structure. We learned how to create a table with HTML. Lexical databases Dictionaries are simpler under the surface than real life. List of some friends:
The basic model of a table: Table: a list of rows Row: a list of fields Column: a list of fields in the same row position
The lecture was about lexicon data and their structure by Thorsten Trippel. We repeated the terms Microstructure, Mesostructure and Macrostructure. We talked about DatCats, corpus and types of lexicons that we've already known, but new types as well. Then we heard something about problematic issues in lexicography, e.g. ambiguity and how to solve them. Another topic was lexicon creation. Lexicon Microstructure: DatCats - words - grammatical information: syntax (POS, inflectional class, valence...) - representation of meaning - corpus reference: usage examples - collection of language material (texts, speech) - with additional information (POS, lemma, transcription, annotation) - with a specific structure (interlinear glossing...) Problematic issues in lexicography - ambiguity (synonyms, polysemy, homonyms) - search word - language change Solutions - ambiguity: numeration - search word: arbitrary definition - language change: new edition Creating lexicons - Introspection based lexicon creation (look inside by linguists, reflecting one's own language use) - Questionnaire based (in comparative linguistics, typology, unknown languages) - Corpus based ("reflect the evidence", based on corpora, flat tabular lexicon, generalizations in lexicon, declarative lexicons) -> Application: SIL toolbox, Interlinearization of text Lexicon database applications Lists, Table, Tables (RDBMS, samples), Corpus based lexicon management, graph based lexicons Lecture 7, 28.11.2006 The lecture dealt with the topic "Pronunciation". First we talked about the surface structure of dictionaries and words. After that we had again the model of types of lexical information and the model of types of rendering information with rendering structures. We talked about the representation of sounds in dictionaries, phonemes and syllables. We had a look at some websites which present the phonetic transcription or how speech is produced. With the "OneLook Dictionary" we looked for examples of pronunciation information. Then we talked about the spelling-to-sound rules. Surface structure ...of dictionaries: metalanguage -> the language we talk in ...of words in dictionaries: object language (spelling, pronunciation) -> the language we talk about i. e. English dictionary on Japanese: Japanese is the object language and English the metalanguage Pronunciation Rendering structures - pronunciation rules (acoustic modality) - spelling (visual modality) - sound- spelling rules (inter-modality conversion) Representation of sounds in dictionaries prosodic hierarchy -phonemes: function: "smallest word-distinguishing segments" - syllables: function: "word distinguishing phoneme configurations" Basics of English Syllable Structure Basic syllable structure: CCCVVCCC Phonemes: 1. minimal word-distinguishing sound segment (based on the contrastive function of phonemes) 2. smallest unit of a syllable (based on external sound sructure) 3. consists of distinctive features (based on the internal sound structure) 4. consists of a set of allophones (based on the rendering of phonemes) Description of sounds for general pronunciation representation in the lexicon: - phonemic transcription - just enough phonetic detail to distinguish words for detailed representation of speech pronunciation: -phonetic transcription based on articulatory phonetics - acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics Spelling-to-sound rules graphemes: character combination corresponding to a phoneme English and German: Tasks Pronunciation: List... - the consonants of German which do not occur in English r,w,h - the consonants of English which do not occur in German w,r,c - the vowels of German which do not occur in English - the vowels of English which do not occur in German Spelling: List... - the characters of German which do not occur in English /C/ ich /x/ ach /r/ rot - the characters of English which do not occur in German /dZ/ jam /sk/ school /T/third /D/ the /w/ wet - English graphemes containing more than one character /T/ third /D/ the - German graphemes containing more than one character /x/ ach /C/ ich /S/ Schule Lecture 8, 5.12.2006 Lecture number 8 was about morphology. At first we thought about who actually needed word formation. We had a text called "Jabberwocky" which we read. After that we talked about branches of morphology: inflection and word formation. Then we learned what morphemes and allomorphs are. We talked about roots, stems, derivation and compounds as well. We had a diagram of the hierarchy of words and their parts so that we could better imagine what we learned about these terms and how they are related to each other. Morphology Inflection Word formation Derivation Compounding
Internal structure: English words consist of a stem and an inflection. a stem has lexical meaning, an inflection has grammatical meaning
Homework Define... Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words. lexical morpheme A lexical morpheme is a content morpheme or a root. grammatical morpheme A grammatical morpheme is a structural morpheme i.e. prepositions, affixes. A stem or base is either a root or a derived stem or a compound stem. A derived stem is either a root (zero derivation) or a derived stem with an affix. A compound stem is a derived stem or a word + a derived stem or a word or What is the difference between inflection and word formation? Inflection means that you add linguistic information in tense, number, voice or person with the use of suffixes or stem vowel change (in English) while word formation means that totally new words are formed or invented. What is the difference between derivation and compounding? Compounding means that you put two words together to get a new word while derivation means that you just get a new word because of the word class change. Collect 5 longish words and divide them into morphemes dis|appoint|ment foot|ball|play|er un|lady|like|ly depart|ment|s wedding|plann|er Show construction of a word from their stems as tree diagramms footballplayer
football player foot ball play -er Lecture 9, 12.12.2006 The lecture began with a revision of lexical database. Then we had an "Introduction to a Field Linguist's Toolbox" by Sascha Griffith. He gave us an overview of the Toolbox database system and showed us how it works. After that we spoke again with Mr Gibbon about Morphology. Toolbox: is a computational tool developed by the SIL International. It is designed for field work purposes and it is a database. Toolbox is for language documentation of an (unknown) language, it interlinearizes, analyses and stores text and can convert this into an alphabetically ordered dictionary. Basic functions: - Viewing and searching - Browsing - Editing - Sorting Lecture 10, 19.12.2006 Lecture 10 was about grammar, especially syntax, part of speech and the structure of language. We had a text and identified the part of speech of each word. Then we talked about noun categories (determiners, adjectives, nouns, pronouns), verb categories and "glue" categories (prepositions, conjunctions, interjections). After that the topic was "Structure of language". We talked about the sign hierarchy and had a table with ranks below and above the word level. Then we came to text structure with 5 different types of texts, e.g. a recipe that is written in imperative form. The sign hierarchy: ranks the main ranks: - dialogue - monologue, text - sentence - word - morpheme - phoneme signs at each of these ranks have internal and external structure AND semiotic relations.
|